Cervical cancer (CC) remains a major global health challenge, with growing evidence linking the vaginal and cervical microbiome to cancer progression. A systematic literature review was conducted across databases including Embase, NCBI, Google Scholar, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, and PubMed using keywords such as “cervical cancer,” “cervical microbiome,” “vaginal microbiome,” “Human papillomavirus,” “nanoparticles,” “drug delivery,” and “dysbiosis.” From 400 identified articles, 65 studies were included in the analysis. Relevant microbial species, including Parabacteroides, Escherichia, Shigella, Gardnerella, and Fusobacterium, were identified as potential biomarkers for CC diagnosis and progression. Dysbiosis, characterized by a reduction in beneficial bacteria and an increase in pathogenic species, is associated with chronic inflammation and HPV infection, both facilitating CC development. Advanced nanotechnology offers promising therapeutic strategies by enhancing targeted drug delivery, improving bioavailability, and increasing the efficacy of existing treatments. This review underscores the dual role of the microbiome as both a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and highlights the potential of nanocarrier-based interventions to optimize CC management. Further research on microbial-cancer interactions is warranted to advance precision medicine approaches in CC treatment.