Shigellosis, caused by the bacterium of the genus Shigella, is a significant global public health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in low-resource settings. This review provides a comprehensive overview of shigellosis, encompassing its historical context, clinical manifestations, underlying pathophysiology, and factors contributing to its emergence and spread. The disease primarily manifests with symptoms ranging from mild diarrhoea to severe dysentery, often accompanied by fever and abdominal cramps. Shigella bacteria invade the lining of the intestines, causing inflammation and disrupting normal gastrointestinal function. The disease is predominantly transmitted through faecal-oral routes, emphasising the critical importance of sanitation and hygiene measures in prevention. Epidemiologically, shigellosis exhibits a wide global distribution, with higher incidences observed in regions with limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities. Prompt diagnosis via stool culture or molecular techniques is essential for effective treatment and public health surveillance. Although various antibiotics are available for treatment, rising antibiotic resistance poses a growing challenge. Vaccination presents a promising avenue for shigellosis prevention; however, the development of an effective and widely accessible vaccine remains a priority. The review also addresses practical considerations such as vaccine pricing and safety, particularly in pregnancy. Understanding the nuances of shigellosis, including its historical context, clinical presentation, and prevention strategies, is pivotal in guiding healthcare interventions and policy decisions to mitigate its impact on global health. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.