Communicable diseases continue to pose a significant threat to global health, particularly in resource-limited settings where socioeconomic disparities exacerbate vulnerability. Although substantial progress has been achieved through immunisation programmes and targeted public health interventions, persistent inequalities and emerging challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic underscore the need for sustained and adaptive strategies. This narrative review synthesises current evidence on effective approaches for communicable disease prevention and control, with a focus on health system strengthening, community-driven interventions, and innovative technologies. The review highlights the role of robust surveillance systems, mobile health solutions, community health workers, and integrated service delivery in improving disease outcomes. It also explores the utility of the One Health framework in addressing zoonotic threats and emphasises behaviour-focused interventions in managing waterborne and foodborne diseases. Strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration, addressing social and environmental determinants, and fostering leadership within affected populations are identified as critical components of sustainable disease control. This comprehensive and adaptive approach supports global health equity goals, advocating for innovation, long-term investment, and political commitment to build resilient health systems and advance the elimination of communicable diseases. Furthermore, the integration of innovative, community co-designed digital health strategies offers a promising pathway to strengthen disease control efforts and accelerate the elimination of communicable diseases. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.