This chapter reviews research in India on earthworm population dynamics, species diversity, interactions with soil fauna/microflora, and their effects on soil physicochemical properties. Emphasis is given to earthworm-plant associations, growth-stimulating secretions, and vermicomposting practices in India. Earthworms serve as bioindicators of soil contamination, agrochemical exposure, and land-use impact. The chapter identifies research gaps in India compared to other tropical countries and highlights opportunities for holistic and molecular-level studies. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.