Increases in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, fuel gas emissions from nonrenewable sources of energy, and ecological issues with troubling implications have prompted researchers to look for alternative forms of energy to substitute fossil products with safe and sustainable resources of energy such as solar, wind, and tidal power without and carbon-di-oxide emissions. The production of solar, wind, and tidal energy, however, depends on time and is unequally distributed in space. © 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.