Currently, energy demand has become one of the most serious agendas of all countries in their efforts to meet their future energy requirements. Due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, there is a need to explore alternative eco-friendly fuel sources to minimize the exploitation of existing nonrenewable resources. Algal feedstock has tremendous potential for experimentation as a raw material for biodiesel generation due to its high energy content and low-cost culture approaches. Research advancements have been made in the production of algal-based biodiesel to achieve long stability and performance compared with existing conventional diesel. Nanotechnology is rapidly growing, with a promising role especially for the optimization of biodiesel production to achieve high product quality and yield. This has emerged as a prominent innovation to meet the demand for eco-friendly energy sources as they possess high potential for recovery and recycling. This chapter reviews the role of nanocatalysts from the processing of algal biomass to the production of biodiesel. © 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.