Hardened steel is widely used in the aerospace, automotive, bearing, and mold industries. The high hardness of this steel makes machining difficult. During the processing of these materials, the cutting tool is exposed to high mechanical stresses and thus creates vibrations during the machining process. This affects the quality of the workpiece surface and causes greater tool wear while reducing tool life. Therefore, measuring and predicting induced vibrations is very important. Surface treatment, tool vibration in the direction of retraction, and tool wear are two important parameters that affect the quality of components and tool life, and which indirectly affect the cost of components. This paper investigates the influence of cutting parameters on tool vibrations and surface roughness during hard steel machining with process parameters: cutting speed V 90, 120, 150 (m/min), feed 0, 1, and 0, 3, 0, 5 (mm), and depth of cut d 0.1.0.3.0.5 (mm). Multiple response optimization by the evaluation algorithm is used to predict surface quality, tool vibration in the direction of retraction and tool wear with different combinations of cutting parameters. The orthogonal array L9 was used for experiments to determine the ranking algorithm. © 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.