The durability of concrete significantly influences its overall performance and longevity within construction projects. A viable strategy to enhance concrete durability involves the partial substitution of natural sand with fly ash, a residue from coal-fired power plants. Fly ash's fine powder texture allows it to replace portions of both cement and natural sand in concrete mixtures. Several notable benefits arise from employing fly ash in this manner. It improves the workability of concrete, making it easier to blend, place, and finish during construction initially and additionally, this method increases the concrete's long-term strength and durability, which is crucial for sustained performance over the structure's lifetime. In addition, the incorporation of fly ash aligns with sustainability goals by reducing the reliance on virgin resources. By utilizing a waste product, construction lessens its environmental footprint and promotes efficient resource usage. Notably, using fly ash reduces the demand for natural sand, mitigating the environmental impact of sand mining. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, various tests can be conducted. These include analyzing the fresh properties of the concrete mixture and assessing its compressive strength. These tests provide insight into the practicality and structural integrity of the resulting concrete. The environmental benefits of this practice are noteworthy. By diminishing the need for extensive cement production, fly ash employment leads to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it aids in conserving valuable natural resources, supporting a more sustainable building paradigm. In essence, incorporating fly ash into concrete represents a progressive stride toward sustainable construction practices. The method's potential to enhance durability, reduce environmental impact, and conserve resources signifies its valuable contribution to the evolution of responsible building techniques. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.