Industrialization modernization leads to release of anthropogenic compounds into the environment. Numerous toxic pollutants (toxic heavy metals, micropollutants, organic compounds, dyes, etc) are released into the worldwide due to the industrial activity. However, many conventional chemical (e.g., advanced oxidation processes, coagulation, and flocculation), physical (e.g., membrane filtrations and dissolved air flotation), as well as biological reactors (e.g., aerobic and anaerobic processes) could not provide environmental discharge standards for micropollutants originated from hazardous compounds. In this chapter, the advancements in all these methods and the hybrid mode of treatment are discussed in detail. Further, the future research needs and directions upon sustainable approaches on micropollutant removal and degradation need to be addressed. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.