Background: Diabetes mellitus is a significant public health challenge globally, increasingly affecting rural and coastal populations due to lifestyle factors, occupational hazards, and limited access to healthcare. The fishermen community in India, particularly in coastal regions like Tamil Nadu, represents a high-risk group for diabetes. This study aims to assess the prevalence of diabetes among the fishermen population in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, and identify associated risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among male fishermen aged 30 years and above in Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, from June 2017 to August 2017. A total of 113 participants were selected using a convenient sampling method. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, physical measurements, and blood glucose testing. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The study found that 15 of participants had diabetes. Significant associations were observed between diabetes and factors such as age (p = 0.009), income (p = 0.038), and low fruit and vegetable intake. A high prevalence of smoking (72.6) and alcohol consumption (77) was also noted among participants, though no significant association was found between these habits and the prevalence of diabetes. Conclusion: The study highlights the notable prevalence of high blood glucose level among the fishermen community in Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions that address the unique socio-cultural and occupational contexts of coastal populations. Improving health literacy, promoting healthier dietary practices, and providing accessible healthcare services are crucial for mitigating the impact of diabetes in this vulnerable population. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.