A new era of connectedness marked by unheard-of speed, minimal latency, and increased capacity to serve an abundance of devices and apps is brought about by the introduction of 5G technology. This paper delves into the innovative communication protocols and network architectures that underpin 5G technology, which collectively aim to meet the diverse and demanding requirements of modern communication networks. We investigate the architecture and application of cutting-edge protocols, including improved Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), and New Radio (NR). Furthermore, this research delves into innovative network designs such as Massive MIMO, Edge Computing, and Network Slicing, emphasizing their functions in streamlining network operations, allocating resources, and augmenting user satisfaction. The integration of these cutting-edge protocols and architectures within the 5G framework promises to achieve higher efficiency, flexibility, and scalability. However, the deployment of 5G networks is not without challenges. This paper addresses key issues such as security vulnerabilities, interoperability among heterogeneous devices and networks, and the substantial investments required for infrastructure development. Additionally, we discuss the regulatory and standardization hurdles that must be overcome to realize the full potential of 5G technology. Using a thorough study, we highlight how 5G technology is revolutionizing a number of industries, including telemedicine, the Internet of Things (IoT), driverless cars, and smart cities. The last section of the paper paints a picture of how global connectivity will develop in the future, with 5G acting as a key technology that will open the door to a more intelligent, connected, and productive society. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.